Studies of Deprivation: Bibliography

This bibliography includes all of the published studies we have been able to find regarding deprivation - please let us know if you know of any studies that have been left out."Deprivation" is used loosely here to refer to four types of phenomena that have been identified in the research literature: (a) maternal privation refers to the complete absence of maternal care, (b) maternal deprivation refers to the loss of maternal care after a period where the birth mother actually cares for the offspring, (c) environmental impoverishment refers to postnatal environments that do not include the normal range of nonmaternal stimulation, including both social (e.g., peers) and physical stimulation, (d) global deprivation refers to environments that fail to meet any of the child's basic needs, including needs for nutrition, physical and social stimulation, and relationships. Since these types of deprivation are often confounded in studies, especially studies with humans, and since these distinctions are not always clearly made, the research literature is categorized by species in this bibliography. For an excellent overview of the deprivation literature through 1990, see:

• Gandelman, R. (1992). Psychobiology of behavioral development. New York: Oxford University Press.

Human Studies

• Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Vol. 2: Separation. New York: Basic Books.
• Dennis, W. (1973). Children of the creche. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• Goldfarb, W. (1944). Psychological privation in infancy and subsequent adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 15, 247-255.
• Hodges, J., & Tizard, B. (1989a). IQ and behavioural adjustment of ex-institutional adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 53-75.
• Hodges, J., & Tizard, B. (1989b). Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 77-97.
• Kaler, S. R., & Freeman, B. J. (1994). An analysis of environmental deprivation: Cognitive and social development in Romanian orphans. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 769-781.
• Provence, S., & Lipton, R. C. (1962). Infants in institutions. New York: International Universities Press.
• Rutter, M. (1972). Maternal deprivation reconsidered. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 16, 241-250.
• Rutter, M. (1981). Maternal deprivation reassessed. New York: Penguin Books.
• Spitz, R. A. (1946). Hospitalism: A follow-up report. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Vol. 2. New York: International Universities Press.
• Tizard, B., Cooperman, O., Joseph, A., Tizard, J. (1972). Environmental effects on language development: A study of young children in long-stay residential nurseries. Child Development, 43, 337-358.
• Tizard, B., & Hodges, J. (1978). The effect of early institutional rearing on the development of eight-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 99-118.
• Tizard, B., Joseph, A. (1970). Cognitive development of young children in residential care: A study of children aged 24 months. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11, 177-186.
• Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1974). A comparison of the effects of adoption, restoration to the natural mother, and continued institutionalization on the cognitive development of four-year-old children. Child Development, 45, 92-99.

Nonhuman Primate Studies

• Champoux, M., Coe, C. L., Shanberg, S. M., Kuhn, C. M., & Suomi, S. J. (1989). Hormonal effects of early rearing conditions in the infant rhesus monkey. American Journal of Primatology, 19, 111-117.
• Ginsberg, S. D., Hof, P. R., McKinney, W. T., & Morrison, J. H. (1993a). The noradrenergic innervation density of the monkey paraventricular nucleus not altered by early social deprivation. Neuroscience Letters, 1993, 130-134.
• Ginsberg, S. D., Hof, P. R., McKinney, W. T., & Morrison, J. H. (1993b). Quantitative analysis of tuberinfundibular tyrosine hydroxylase- and corticotropin-releasing factor-immunoreactive neurons in monkeys raised with differential rearing conditions. Experimental Neurology, 120, 95-105.
• Harlow, H. F., Harlow, M. K., & Suomi, S. J. (1971). From thought to therapy: Lessons from the primate laboratory. American Psychologist, 59, 538-549.
• Higley, J. D., Suomi, S. J., & Linnoila, M. (1992). A longitudinal study of CSF monoamine metabolite and plasma cortisol concentrations in young rhesus monkeys: Effects of early experience, age, sex, and stress on continuity of individual differences. Biological Psychiatry, 32, 127-145.
• Kraemer, G. W., Ebert, M. H., Schmidt, D. E., & McKinney, W. T. (1989). A longitudinal study of the effect of different social rearing conditions on cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine and biogenic amine metabolites in rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2, 175-189.
• Laurens, D. Y., Suomi, S. J., Harlow, H. F., McKinney, W. T. (1973). Early stress and later response to separation in rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 400-405.
• Meyer, J. S., Novak, M. A., Bowman, R. E, & Harlow, H. F. (1975). Behavioral and hormonal effects of attachment object separation in surrogate-peer-reared and mother-reared infant rhesus monkeys. Developmental Psychobiology, 8, 425-435.
• Siegel, S. J., Ginsberg, S. D., Hof, P. R., Foote, S. L., Young, W. G., Kraemer, G. W., McKinney, W. T., & Morrison, J. H. (1993). Effects of social deprivation in prepubescent rhesus monkeys: Immunohistochemical analysis of the neurofilament protein triplet in the hippocampal formation. Brain Research, 619, 299-305.

Rodent Studies

• Caldji, C., Tannenbaum, B., Sharma, S., Francis, D., Plotsky, P. M., & Meany, M. J. (1998). Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 95, 5445-5340.
• Hall, F. S., Wilkinson, L. S., Humby, T., Inglis, W., Kendali, D. A., Marsden, C. A., & Robbins, T. W. (1998). Isolation rearing in rats: Pre- and post-synaptic changes in striatal dopaminergic systems. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 59, 859-872.

Feline Studies

• Held, R., & Hein, A. (1963). Movement-produced stimulation in the development of visually guided behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 56, 872-876.
• Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1965). Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. Journal of Neurophysiology, 28, 1041-1059.